Primary sewage treatment is the initial and crucial step in the sewage treatment process. It mainly aims to remove large - sized and suspended solids from sewage, which helps to protect downstream treatment equipment and reduce the organic load for subsequent treatment stages. A variety of machines and equipment are employed in this stage, each with its unique function and working principle.
1. Screening strojevi
Bar Screens
Bar screens are among the most fundamental screening devices in primary sewage treatment. They consist of parallel bars placed across the flow path of sewage. Coarse bar screens, with bar spacings typically ranging from 25 - 150 mm, are designed to trap large debris. This includes items like sticks, rags, large plastic objects, and branches that may be present in the sewage. These large - sized materials can cause severe damage to pumps, cijevi, and other downstream treatment equipment if not removed. Na primjer, in a municipal sewage treatment plant, coarse bar screens are installed at the inlet to prevent large items from clogging the pumps that transfer sewage to the next treatment units. Fine bar screens, having bar spacings of 1 - 6 mm, are used to capture smaller particles. They are effective in removing smaller pieces of plastic, fibers, and other fine debris that could still cause problems in the treatment process. Rotary drum screens are another type of screening equipment. These use a cylindrical drum with a perforated screen surface. As sewage enters the drum, water passes through the screen while solids are retained on the inner surface. A cleaning mechanism, kao što je visok - pressure water jets or scrapers, is then used to remove the trapped solids, ensuring continuous operation.
Mechanical Screens
Mechanical screens are more automated versions of bar screens. They are equipped with motors and chains or belts that drive the movement of the screening elements. Some mechanical screens can continuously clean themselves. Na primjer, općenito - scale industrial wastewater treatment plants, where the volume of sewage is high, mechanical bar - type screens are used. These screens can be adjusted to different bar spacings depending on the nature of the wastewater. They are often used in industries such as food - obrada, where a large amount of solid waste, like fruit and vegetable pieces, may be present in the wastewater. The mechanical movement of the screen helps to efficiently remove these solids and prevent blockages in the treatment system.
2. Sedimentation Equipment
Horizontal - Flow Sedimentation Tanks
Horizontal - flow sedimentation tanks, also known as clarifiers, play a significant role in primary sewage treatment. In these tanks, sewage enters at one end and flows horizontally. Suspended particles that are heavier than water, poput pijeska, silt, and some organic solids, settle to the bottom under the influence of gravity. The rate of sedimentation depends on factors like the size and density of the particles, as well as the flow velocity of the sewage. The accumulated sludge at the bottom of the tank is periodically removed using sludge scrapers. These scrapers are designed to move along the bottom of the tank, collecting the sludge and pushing it towards a sludge collection point. Horizontal - flow sedimentation tanks are commonly used in large - scale municipal wastewater treatment plants due to their high - capacity and efficient solid - liquid separation capabilities. They can handle large volumes of sewage and effectively remove a significant amount of suspended solids.
Vertikalan - Flow Sedimentation Tanks
Vertikalan - flow sedimentation tanks have a different design compared to horizontal - flow tanks. In vertical - flow tanks, sewage enters from the bottom and flows upward. Solids settle downward due to gravity and are collected at the bottom. These tanks are more compact in design and are suitable for small - do - srednji - sized industrial facilities or decentralized wastewater treatment systems where space is limited. Na primjer, u malom - scale manufacturing plant that produces a relatively small volume of wastewater, a vertical - flow sedimentation tank can be installed to remove suspended solids. The upward - flow design allows for a more efficient use of space, and the settling process is still effective in separating solids from the liquid phase of the sewage.
Gore - Flow Anaerobic Sludge Bed (UASB) Reactors (for specific applications)
Although UASB reactors are mainly associated with anaerobic biological treatment, they can also play a role in primary treatment for certain types of sewage, Posebno visok - strength organic wastewater. In a UASB reactor, sewage enters from the bottom and flows upward through a high - concentration sludge bed. The initial stage of treatment in a UASB reactor can involve the settlement of some larger and heavier solids, similar to sedimentation processes. Dodatno, the anaerobic microorganisms in the sludge bed start to break down the organic matter in the sewage. This can be beneficial in primary treatment as it reduces the organic load and can also remove some suspended solids in the process. UASB reactors are often used in industries such as food - obrada, where the wastewater contains a high amount of biodegradable organic compounds.
3. Flotation Machines
Grease Traps
Grease traps are essential in primary treatment, especially for sewage from commercial kitchens, restaurants, and food - biljke za obradu. Their main function is to remove floating fats, oils, and greases (FOGs) from the sewage. In a typical gravity - type grease trap, sewage enters and slows down. FOGs, being less dense than water, rise to the surface and are trapped in a separate compartment. This separation is crucial because FOGs can cause blockages in pipes and interfere with the proper functioning of downstream treatment processes. Na primjer, in a busy restaurant, dobro - maintained grease trap can prevent the accumulation of FOGs in the sewer lines, reducing the risk of costly plumbing problems. Regular cleaning of the grease trap is necessary to ensure its effectiveness.
Air Flotation Units
Air flotation units are used to separate substances that are lighter than water or to enhance the separation of suspended solids. U ovom procesu, air is introduced into the sewage, creating small bubbles. These bubbles attach to the suspended solids, making them buoyant and causing them to float to the surface. Air flotation can be particularly useful for removing fine suspended solids that are difficult to separate by sedimentation alone. In industrial wastewater treatment, na primjer, in the treatment of wastewater from the paper - izrada industrije, air flotation can be used to remove small fiber particles. The flotation process can be adjusted by controlling factors such as the amount of air introduced, the size of the bubbles, and the pH of the sewage to optimize the separation of contaminants.
Bbjump, Kao agent za izvor, understands that choosing the right machine for primary sewage treatment depends on several factors. Prvo, consider the type of sewage. If it is mainly domestic sewage, simple screening and sedimentation equipment like bar screens and horizontal - flow sedimentation tanks may be sufficient for the initial treatment. Međutim, if the sewage is from an industrial source, such as a food - processing plant with high FOG content, grease traps and more specialized screening equipment may be required. Drugo, the scale of the operation matters. Za mali - rad ljestvica, compact and cost - effective equipment like vertical - flow sedimentation tanks or small - sized mechanical screens can be suitable. Za razliku od, velik - scale municipal treatment plants need high - capacity equipment to handle the large volume of sewage. Treće, budget constraints play a role. Some advanced screening or flotation machines may be more expensive but offer higher efficiency. It's important to balance the initial investment with long - Poznati operativni troškovi, uključujući održavanje i potrošnju energije. Pažljivim procjenom ovih čimbenika, you can select the most appropriate primary sewage treatment machines for your specific needs.
FAQ
- How do I choose between a horizontal - flow and vertical - flow sedimentation tank for my sewage treatment project?
Ako imate veliku - scale operation with sufficient space, such as a municipal sewage treatment plant, a horizontal - flow sedimentation tank is often a better choice. It can handle large volumes of sewage and has a high capacity for solid - liquid separation. Međutim, if space is limited, like in a small - scale industrial facility, a vertical - flow sedimentation tank is more suitable. Its compact design allows for efficient use of space while still effectively removing suspended solids. Također, consider the nature of the sewage. If the suspended solids have a wide range of sizes and densities, a horizontal - flow tank may be better at separating them due to its longer flow path.
- What maintenance is required for screening machines in primary sewage treatment?
Bar screens need regular inspection for any damage to the bars or the screening mechanism. Mechanical screens, in addition to bar inspection, require maintenance of the motor, chains, i pojasevi. Cleaning is a crucial maintenance task. Visok - pressure water jets or scrapers used for self - cleaning screens should be checked for proper functioning. The trapped solids on the screens need to be removed regularly, either manually or through the automated cleaning system. Lubrication of moving parts is also important to ensure smooth operation and extend the lifespan of the screening machines.
- Can air flotation units be used for all types of sewage in primary treatment?
Air flotation units are effective for many types of sewage, especially those with fine suspended solids or substances that can attach to air bubbles. Međutim, they may not be the best choice for sewage with a high content of heavy, dense solids that settle easily by sedimentation. Također, the effectiveness of air flotation can be affected by the chemical composition of the sewage. Na primjer, if the sewage has a very high or low pH, it may interfere with the bubble - particle attachment process. U takvim slučajevima, pred - treatment like pH adjustment may be necessary before using air flotation units.
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